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“水錘效應”（water hammer effect ) 

是指(zhǐ)當打(dǎ)開的閥門突然(rán)關閉，由于壓力(lì)水流(liú)的慣性，産(chǎn)生水流沖擊波，并産生破(pò)壞作(zuò)用，這就(jiù)是水利(lì)學當(dāng)中的“水錘效應”，也就是(shì)正(zhèng)水錘(chuí)。

it refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. this is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相反(fǎn)，關閉的閥(fá)門(mén)在突然(rán)打開(kāi)後，也會産(chǎn)生水(shuǐ)錘，叫負水(shuǐ)錘，也有一定的破壞力(lì)，但沒有(yǒu)前者大。

on the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水(shuǐ)錘效(xiào)應就好像(xiàng)是追尾，最(zuì)前面(miàn)的車(chē)突然(rán)停車了，為後面(miàn)的車未及時(shí)發(fā)現，從而造成了(le)連環(huán)追尾事故，緻使(shǐ)最前面(miàn)的車(chē)破壞嚴(yán)重。水錘效(xiào)應就是(shì)與(yǔ)這個(gè)類似(sì)。

the water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. the front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. the water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在(zài)閥門接(jiē)近關閉時(shí)閉合(hé)元件(jiàn)突然吸入(rù)閥座(zuò)，稱(chēng)為(wéi)溶缸(gāng)閉鎖效應(yīng)。

溶缸閉鎖(suǒ)效應是由低推(tuī)力執(zhí)行機構(gòu)所造成的，該(gāi)執行機構沒有足夠的推(tuī)力以(yǐ)保持(chí)在接(jiē)近閥座的(de)位置(zhì)，導緻(zhì)泵(bèng)的突然關閉(bì)或(huò)閥門的(de)突然關閉，從而(ér)産生水錘效(xiào)應(yīng)。對于(yú)控制閥，在(zài)某些情況下，快開型(xíng)流量特性(xìng)的(de)閥門也能導(dǎo)緻水(shuǐ)錘效應。

usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

the locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. for control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.   

雖然水(shuǐ)錘産(chǎn)生很(hěn)大(dà)的噪音(yīn)，但真正的(de)損害是由機械失效(xiào)造成(chéng)的。因(yīn)為由(yóu)動能急劇地變(biàn)化成靜态的管(guǎn)線壓(yā)力，水錘會(huì)沖破管線或損(sǔn)傷管子支(zhī)架和(hé)損害管線接頭(tóu)。對于(yú)閥門，水錘(chuí)能夠(gòu)通過閥芯産(chǎn)生嚴重振動(dòng)，它可能導緻(zhì)閥(fá)芯、墊片或填料(liào)的失效(xiào)。

although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. for valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對(duì)于閥(fá)門，防(fáng)止水錘的辦法是防止系(xì)統任何突然的(de)壓力變化。

for valve,the way to prevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.  

包括放慢閥(fá)門(mén)本身的(de)關閉速(sù)度或當(dāng)閉(bì)合元(yuán)件接(jiē)近閥座時(shí)提(tí)供較大程度的拉(lā)力和剛性(xìng)。為防止壓(yā)力波(bō)動，閥門應以均(jun1)勻變(biàn)動的(de)速度進行關閉。在某(mǒu)些情(qíng)況下，當使用快開(kāi)特性，可(kě)以要求改變為(wéi)等百分比特性(xìng)。對于在接(jiē)近閥(fá)座時(shí)必須節流的控制(zhì)閥，應當(dāng)使用輸(shū)出推力(lì)足夠(gòu)大的(de)執行(háng)機構(gòu)，如活塞式(shì)氣動執行機(jī)構或液(yè)壓執行機(jī)構，或在手(shǒu)動旋(xuán)轉的操(cāo)作(zuò)器的(de)行程套管(guǎn)上設(shè)置特殊缺口(kǒu)，将(jiāng)減少(shǎo)或防止溶(róng)缸閉鎖效應。在(zài)管線系統上設(shè)置某(mǒu)種(zhǒng)類型的(de)防波動措施也能減少水(shuǐ)錘。可(kě)使用壓(yā)力(lì)洩放閥或(huò)緩沖(chòng)桶完(wán)成。此外氣(qì)體可(kě)被注入系(xì)統内(nèi)，氣體的注(zhù)入能(néng)減少流(liú)體(tǐ)的密(mì)度并提供(gòng)某些(xiē)壓(yā)縮性以處理(lǐ)任何突然(rán)的(de)波(bō)動。

this includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. in order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. in some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. for the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. this can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. in addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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