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“水錘效應”（Water hammer effect ) 

是指當(dāng)打開的(de)閥門突然關(guān)閉，由于壓力(lì)水流(liú)的慣性，産生水流(liú)沖(chòng)擊波，并産生破(pò)壞作用，這就是水利學當中的“水錘效應”，也就是正水錘。

It refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. This is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相反，關閉的閥(fá)門在突(tū)然打開後，也(yě)會産(chǎn)生水(shuǐ)錘，叫負水錘，也有一(yī)定的(de)破壞力，但沒有前者大。

On the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水錘效(xiào)應就好像(xiàng)是(shì)追尾，最前面的車突然停車(chē)了，為後面的車未及(jí)時發現，從而造成了連環(huán)追尾事故，緻使最前面的(de)車破壞嚴重(zhòng)。水錘效應就是與這個類似。

The water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. The front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. The water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在閥(fá)門接近關閉時閉合元件(jiàn)突然吸入閥座，稱為溶缸閉鎖效應。

溶缸閉鎖效應是由低推力執(zhí)行機構所造成的，該執(zhí)行機構沒有足夠的推力以保持在接(jiē)近閥座的(de)位置，導緻泵的突然關閉或閥門的(de)突然關閉(bì)，從而(ér)産生水錘(chuí)效應。對(duì)于(yú)控制閥，在某些情況下，快開型流量特性的閥門也能導緻水錘效應。

Usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

The locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. For control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.   

雖然水錘産生很大的噪音，但真正的(de)損害是由(yóu)機械失效造成的。因為由動能急劇地變化成靜态的管線壓力，水錘會沖(chòng)破管線或損傷管(guǎn)子支架和損害管線接頭。對于(yú)閥門，水錘(chuí)能夠通過(guò)閥芯産生嚴重振動，它可能導緻閥(fá)芯、墊片或填料的失效。

Although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. Because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. For valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對于閥門，防止水錘的辦法是防止系統任何突然的壓力(lì)變化。

For valve,the way to prevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.  

包括放(fàng)慢閥門本(běn)身的關(guān)閉速度或當閉合元件接(jiē)近閥座時(shí)提(tí)供較大(dà)程度的(de)拉力和剛性。為防(fáng)止壓力波動(dòng)，閥(fá)門(mén)應以均勻變動的(de)速度進行關閉。在某些情況下，當使用快開特性，可以要求改變為等百分比特性。對于在接近閥座時必須節流的控制閥，應當使用輸出推力足夠大的執行機構，如活塞式氣動執行(háng)機構或液壓執行機構，或在手動旋轉的操作器的(de)行程套管上設置特殊缺口，将(jiāng)減少或防止溶(róng)缸閉鎖效應。在管(guǎn)線系統(tǒng)上設置某種類型的防波動措施也能減少水錘。可使用(yòng)壓力洩放閥或緩(huǎn)沖桶完成。此外氣體可被注入系(xì)統内，氣體的注(zhù)入能減少流體的密度并提供(gòng)某些壓縮性以處理(lǐ)任何突然(rán)的波動。

This includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. In order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. In some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. For the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. Setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. This can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. In addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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